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@@ -5,3 +5,1032 @@ This is the repository for the training Learning Fortran
### Instructor
**Pierre-Yves Barriat**
+
+###### CISM/CÉCI Training Sessions
+
+---
+
+# Fortran : shall we start ?
+
+- You know already one computer language ?
+- You understand the very basic programming concepts :
+ - What is a variable, an assignment, function call, etc.?
+ - Why do I have to compile my code?
+ - What is an executable?
+- You (may) already know some Fortran ?
+- How to proceed from old Fortran, to much more modern languages like Fortran 90/2003 ?
+
+---
+
+# Why to learn Fortran ?
+
+- Because of the execution `speed` of a program
+- Well suited for numerical computations :
+more than 45% of scientific applications are in Fortran
+- `Fast` code : compilers can optimize well
+- Optimized `numerical libraries` available
+- Fortran is a `simple` langage and it is (kind-of) `easy to learn`
+
+---
+
+# Fortran is simple
+
+- **We want to get our science done! Not learn languages!**
+- How easy/difficult is it really to learn Fortran ?
+- The concept is easy:
+*variables, operators, controls, loops, subroutines/functions*
+- **Invest some time now, gain big later!**
+
+---
+
+# History
+
+**FOR**mula **TRAN**slation
+> invented 1954-8 by John Backus and his team at IBM
+
+- FORTRAN 66 (ISO Standard 1972)
+- FORTRAN 77 (1978)
+- Fortran 90 (1991)
+- Fortran 95 (1997)
+- Fortran 2003 (2004) → `"standard" version`
+- Fortran 2008 (2010)
+- Fortran 2018 (11/2018)
+
+---
+
+# Starting with Fortran 77
+
+- Old Fortran provides only the absolute minimum!
+- Basic features :
+data containers (integer, float, ...), arrays, basic operators, loops, I/O, subroutines and functions
+- But this version has flaws:
+no dynamic memory allocation, old & obsolete constructs, “spaghetti†code, etc.
+- Is that enough to write code ?
+
+---
+
+# Fortran 77 → Fortran >90
+
+- If Fortran 77 is so simple, why is it then so difficult to write good code?
+- Is simple really better?
+⇒ Using a language allows us to express our thoughts (on a computer)
+- A more sophisticated language allows for more complex thoughts
+- More language elements to get organized
+⇒ Fortran 90/95/2003 (recursive, OOP, etc)
+
+---
+
+# How to Build a FORTRAN Program
+
+FORTRAN is a compiled language (like C) so the source code (what you write) must be converted into machine code before it can be executed (e.g. Make command)
+
+
+
+---
+
+# FORTRAN 77 Format
+
+This version requires a fixed format for programs
+
+
+
+- max length variable names is 6 characters
+- alphanumeric only, must start with a letter
+- character strings are case sensitive
+
+---
+
+# FORTRAN >90 Format
+
+Versions >90 relaxe these requirements:
+
+- comments following statements (! delimiter)
+- long variable names (31 characters)
+- containing only letters, digits or underscore
+- max row length is 132 characters
+- can be max 39 continuation lines
+- if a line is ended with ampersand (&), the line continues onto the next line
+- semicolon (;) as a separator between statements on a single line
+- allows free field input
+
+---
+
+# Program Organization
+
+Most FORTRAN programs consist of a main program and one or more subprograms
+
+There is a fixed order:
+
+```Fortran90
+Heading
+Declarations
+Variable initializations
+Program code
+Format statements
+
+Subprogram definitions
+(functions & subroutines)
+```
+
+---
+
+# Data Type Declarations
+
+Basic data types are :
+
+- `INTEGER` : integer numbers (+/-)
+- `REAL` : floating point numbers
+- `DOUBLE PRECISION` : extended precision floating point
+- `CHARACTER*n` : string with up to **n** characters
+- `LOGICAL` : takes on values `.TRUE.` or `.FALSE.`
+
+---
+
+# Data Type Declarations
+
+`INTEGER` and `REAL` can specify number of bytes to use
+
+- Default is: `INTEGER*4` and `REAL*4`
+- `DOUBLE PRECISION` is same as `REAL*8`
+
+Arrays of any type must be declared:
+
+- `DIMENSION A(3,5)` - declares a 3 x 5 array
+- `CHARACTER*30 NAME(50)` - directly declares a character array with 30 character strings in each element
+
+---
+
+# Data Type Declarations
+
+FORTRAN >90 allows user defined types
+
+```fortran
+TYPE my_variable
+ character(30) :: name
+ integer :: id
+ real(8) :: value
+ integer, dimension(3,3) :: dimIndex
+END TYPE variable
+
+type(my_variable) var
+var%name = "salinity"
+var%id = 1
+```
+
+---
+
+# Implicit vs Explicit Declarations
+
+By default, an implicit type is assumed depending on the first letter of the variable name:
+
+- `A-H, O-Z` define REAL variables
+- `I-N` define INTEGER variables
+
+Can use the IMPLICIT statement:
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT REAL (A-Z)
+```
+
+> makes all variables REAL if not declared
+
+---
+
+# Implicit vs Explicit Declarations
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT CHARACTER*2 (W)
+```
+
+> makes variables starting with W be 2-character strings
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (D)
+```
+
+> makes variables starting with D be double precision
+
+**Good habit**: force explicit type declarations
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT NONE
+```
+
+> user must explicitly declare all variable types
+
+---
+
+# Assignment Statements
+
+**Old** assignment statement: `<label>` `<variable>` = `<expression>`
+
+- `<label>` : statement label number (1 to 99999)
+- `<variable>` : FORTRAN variable
+(max 6 characters, alphanumeric only for standard FORTRAN 77)
+
+**Expression**:
+
+- Numeric expressions: `VAR = 3.5*COS(THETA)`
+- Character expressions: `DAY(1:3) = 'TUE'`
+- Relational expressions: `FLAG = ANS .GT. 0`
+- Logical expressions: `FLAG = F1 .OR. F2`
+
+---
+
+# Numeric Expressions
+
+Arithmetic operators: precedence: `**` *(high)* → `-` *(low)*
+
+| Operator | Function |
+| ------------ | --------------- |
+| `**` | exponentiation |
+| `*` | multiplication |
+| `/` | division |
+| `+` | addition |
+| `-` | subtraction |
+
+---
+
+# Numeric Expressions
+
+Numeric expressions are up-cast to the highest data type in the expression according to the precedence:
+
+*(low)* logical → integer → real → complex *(high)*
+
+and smaller byte size *(low)* to larger byte size *(high)*
+
+## Example:
+
+> fortran 77 source code [arith.f](https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran/src/master/src/01_arith.f)
+
+---
+
+# Character Expressions
+
+Only built-in operator is **Concatenation** defined by `//`
+
+```fortran
+'ILL'//'-'//'ADVISED'
+```
+
+`character` arrays are most commonly encountered
+
+- treated like any array (indexed using : notation)
+- fixed length (usually padded with blanks)
+
+---
+
+# Character Expressions
+
+Example:
+
+```fortran
+CHARACTER FAMILY*16
+FAMILY = ‘GEORGE P. BURDELL’
+
+PRINT*,FAMILY(:6)
+PRINT*,FAMILY(8:9)
+PRINT*,FAMILY(11:)
+PRINT*,FAMILY(:6)//FAMILY(10:)
+```
+
+```fortran
+GEORGE
+P.
+BURDELL
+GEORGE BURDELL
+```
+
+---
+
+# Relational Expressions
+
+Two expressions whose values are compared to determine whether the relation is true or false
+
+- may be numeric (common) or non-numeric
+
+`character` strings can be compared
+
+- done character by character
+- shorter string is padded with blanks for comparison
+
+---
+
+# Relational Expressions
+
+| Operator | Relationship |
+| ------------ | --------------- |
+| `.LT.` or `<` | less than |
+| `.LE.` or `<=` | less than or equal to |
+| `.EQ.` or `==` | equal to |
+| `.NE.` or `/=` | not equal to |
+| `.GT.` or `>` | greater than |
+| `.GE.` or `>=` | greater than or equal to |
+
+---
+
+# Logical Expressions
+
+Consists of one or more logical operators and logical, numeric or relational operands
+
+- values are `.TRUE.` or `.FALSE.`
+- need to consider overall operator precedence
+
+> can combine logical and integer data with logical operators but this is tricky (**avoid!**)
+
+---
+
+# Logical Expressions
+
+| F77 Operator | >F90 Operator | Example | Meaning |
+| --------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- |
+| `.AND.` | `&&` | `A .AND. B` | logical `AND` |
+| `.OR.` | `\|\|` | `A .OR. B` | logical `OR` |
+| `.EQV.` | `==` | `A .EQV. B` | logical equivalence |
+| `.NEQV.` | `/=` | `A .NEQV. B` | logical inequivalence |
+| `.XOR.` | `/=` | `A .XOR. B` | exclusive `OR` (same as `.NEQV.`) |
+| `.NOT.` | `!` | `.NOT. A` | logical negation |
+
+---
+
+# Arrays in FORTRAN
+
+Arrays can be multi-dimensional (up to 7 in F77) and are indexed using `( )`:
+
+- `TEST(3)` or `FORCE(4,2)`
+
+> Indices are by default defined as `1...N`
+
+We can specify index range in declaration
+
+- `INTEGER K(0:11)` : `K` is dimensioned from `0-11` (12 elements)
+
+Arrays are stored in column order (1st column, 2nd column, etc) so accessing by incrementing row index first usually is fastest
+
+Whole array reference (only in >F90): `K(:)=-8` assigns 8 to all elements in K
+
+> Avoid `K=-8` assignement
+
+---
+
+# Unconditional `GO TO` in F77
+
+This is the only GOTO in FORTRAN 77
+
+- Syntax: `GO TO label`
+- Unconditional transfer to labeled statement
+
+```fortran
+ 10 -code-
+ GO TO 30
+ -code that is bypassed-
+ 30 -code that is target of GOTO-
+ -more code-
+ GO TO 10
+```
+
+- **Problem** : leads to confusing *"spaghetti code"* :boom:
+
+---
+
+# `IF ELSE IF` Statement
+
+Basic version:
+
+```fortran
+IF (KSTAT.EQ.1) THEN
+ CLASS='FRESHMAN'
+ELSE IF (KSTAT.EQ.2) THEN
+ CLASS='SOPHOMORE'
+ELSE IF (KSTAT.EQ.3) THEN
+ CLASS='JUNIOR'
+ELSE IF (KSTAT.EQ.4) THEN
+ CLASS='SENIOR'
+ELSE
+ CLASS='UNKNOWN'
+ENDIF
+```
+
+---
+
+# Spaghetti Code in F77 (and before)
+
+Use of `GO TO` and arithmetic `IF`'s leads to bad code that is very hard to maintain
+
+Here is the equivalent of an `IF-THEN-ELSE` statement:
+
+```fortran
+ 10 IF (KEY.LT.0) GO TO 20
+ TEST=TEST-1
+ THETA=ATAN(X,Y)
+ GO TO 30
+ 20 TEST=TEST+1
+ THETA=ATAN(-X,Y)
+ 30 CONTINUE
+```
+
+Now try to figure out what a complex `IF ELSE IF` statement would look like coded with this kind of simple `IF`...
+
+---
+
+# Loop Statements (old versions)
+
+`DO` loop: structure that executes a specified number of times
+
+*Spaghetti Code Version*
+
+```fortran
+ K=2
+ 10 PRINT*,A(K)
+ K=K+2
+ IF (K.LE.11) GO TO 10
+ 20 CONTINUE
+```
+
+*F77 Version*
+
+```fortran
+ DO 100 K=2,10,2
+ PRINT*,A(K)
+ 100 CONTINUE
+```
+
+---
+
+# Loop Statements (>F90)
+
+```fortran
+DO K=2,10,2
+ WRITE(*,*) A(K)
+END DO
+```
+
+- Loop _control can include variables and a third parameter to specify increments, including negative values
+- Loop always executes ONCE before testing for end condition
+
+```fortran
+READ(*,*) R
+DO WHILE (R.GE.0)
+ VOL=2*PI*R**2*CLEN
+ READ(*,*) R
+END DO
+```
+
+- Loop will not execute at all if logical_expr is not true at start
+
+---
+
+# Comments on Loop Statements
+
+In old versions:
+
+- to transfer out (exit loop), use a `GO TO`
+- to skip to next loop, use `GO TO` terminating statement (this is a good reason to always make this a `CONTINUE` statement)
+
+In new versions:
+
+- to transfer out (exit loop), use `EXIT` statement and control is transferred to statement following loop end. This means you cannot transfer out of multiple nested loops with a single `EXIT` statement (use named loops if needed - `myloop : do i=1,n`). This is much like a `BREAK` statement in other languages.
+- to skip to next loop cycle, use `CYCLE` statement in loop.
+
+---
+
+# File-Directed Input and Output
+
+Much of early FORTRAN was devoted to reading input data
+from Cards and writing to a line printer
+
+Today, most I/O is to and from a file: it requires more extensive I/O capabilities standardized until FORTRAN 77
+
+**I/O** = communication between a program and the outside world
+
+- opening and closing a file with `OPEN` & `CLOSE`
+- data reading & writing with `READ` & `WRITE`
+- can use **unformatted** `READ` & `WRITE` if no human readable data are involved (much faster access, smaller files)
+
+---
+
+# `OPEN` & `CLOSE` example
+
+Once opened, file is referred to by an assigned device number (a unique id)
+
+```fortran
+character(len=*) :: x_name
+integer :: ierr, iSize, guess_unit
+logical :: itsopen, itexists
+!
+inquire(file=trim(x_name), size=iSize, number=guess_unit, opened=itsopen, exist=itexists)
+if ( itsopen ) close(guess_unit, status='delete')
+!
+open(902,file=trim(x_name),status='new',iostat=ierr)
+!
+if (iSize <= 0 .OR. .NOT.itexists) then
+ open(902,file=trim(x_name),status='new',iostat=ierr)
+ if (ierr /= 0) then
+ ...
+ close(902)
+ endif
+ ...
+endif
+```
+
+---
+
+# `READ` Statement
+
+- syntax: `READ(dev_no, format_label) variable_list`
+- read a record from `dev_no` using `format_label` and assign results to variables in `variable_list`
+
+```fortran
+ READ(105,1000) A,B,C
+ 1000 FORMAT(3F12.4)
+```
+
+> device numbers 1-7 are defined as standard I/O devices
+
+- each `READ` reads one or more lines of data and any remaining data in a line that is read is dropped if not translated to one of the variables in the `variable_list`
+- `variable_list` can include implied `DO` such as: `READ(105,1000)(A(I),I=1,10)`
+
+---
+
+# `READ` Statement - cont'd
+
+- input items can be integer, real or character
+- characters must be enclosed in `' '`
+- input items are separated by commas
+- input items must agree in type with variables in `variable_list`
+- each `READ` processes a new record (line)
+
+```fortran
+INTEGER K
+REAL(8) A,B
+OPEN(105,FILE='path_to_existing_file')
+READ(105,*) A,B,K
+```
+
+> read one line and look for floating point values for A and B and an integer for K
+
+---
+
+# `WRITE` Statement
+
+- syntax: `WRITE(dev_no, format_label) variable_list`
+- write variables in `variable_list` to output `dev_no` using format specified in format statement with `format_label`
+
+```fortran
+ WRITE(*,1000) A,B,KEY
+ 1000 FORMAT(F12.4,E14.5,I6)
+```
+
+```fortran
+|----+----o----+----o----+----o----+----|
+ 1234.5678 -0.12345E+02 12
+```
+
+- device number `*` is by default the screen (or *standard output* - also 6)
+- each `WRITE` produces one or more output lines as needed to write out `variable_list` using `format` statement
+- `variable_list` can include implied `DO` such as: `WRITE(*,2000)(A(I),I=1,10)`
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# `FORMAT` Statement
+
+| data type | format descriptors | example |
+| --------------- | --------------- | ------------ |
+| `integer` | `iw` | `write(*,'(i5)') int` |
+| `real` (*decimal*) | `fw.d` | `write(*,'(f7.4)') x` |
+| `real` (*exponential*) | `ew.d` | `write(*,'(e12.3)') y` |
+| `character` | `a, aw` | `write(*,'(a)') string` |
+| `logical` | `lw` | `write(*,'(l2)') test` |
+| spaces & tabs | `wx` & `tw` | `write (*,'(i3,2x,f6.3)') i, x` |
+| linebreak | `/` | `write (*,'(f6.3,/,f6.3)') x, y` |
+
+---
+
+# `NAMELIST`
+
+It is possible to pre-define the structure of input and output data using `NAMELIST` in order to make it easier to process with `READ` and `WRITE` statements
+
+- Use `NAMELIST` to define the data structure
+- Use `READ` or `WRITE` with reference to `NAMELIST` to handle the data in the specified format
+
+> This is not part of standard F77 but it is included in >F90
+
+On input, the `NAMELIST` data must be structured as follows:
+
+```fortran
+&INPUT
+ THICK=0.245,
+ LENGTH=12.34,
+ WIDTH=2.34,
+ DENSITY=0.0034
+/
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Internal `WRITE` Statement
+
+Internal `WRITE` does same as `ENCODE` in F77 : **a cast to string**
+> `WRITE (dev_no, format_label) var_list`
+> write variables in `var_list` to internal storage defined by character variable used as `dev_no` = default character variable (not an array)
+
+```fortran
+INTEGER*4 J,K
+CHARACTER*50 CHAR50
+DATA J,K/1,2/
+...
+WRITE(CHAR50,*) J,K
+```
+
+Results:
+
+```fortran
+CHAR50=' 1 2'
+```
+
+---
+
+# Internal `READ` Statement
+
+Internal `READ` does same as `DECODE` in F77 : **a cast from string**
+> `READ (dev_no, format_label) var_list`
+> read variables from internal storage specified by character variable used as `dev_no` = default character variable (not an array)
+
+```fortran
+INTEGER K
+REAL A,B
+CHARACTER*80 REC80
+DATA REC80/'1.2, 2.3, -5'/
+...
+READ(REC80,*) A,B,K
+```
+
+Results:
+
+```fortran
+A=1.2, B=2.3, K=-5
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Structured programming
+
+Structured programming is based on subprograms (functions and subroutines) and control statements (like `IF` statements or loops) :
+
+- structure the control-flow of your programs (eg, give up the `GO TO`)
+- improved readability
+- lower level aspect of coding in a smart way
+
+It is a **programming paradigm** aimed at improving the quality, clarity, and access time of a computer program
+
+---
+
+# Functions and Subroutines
+
+`FUNCTION` & `SUBROUTINE` are subprograms that allow structured coding
+
+- `FUNCTION`: returns a single explicit function value for given function arguments
+ It’s also a variable → so must be declared !
+- `SUBROUTINE`: any values returned must be returned through the arguments (no explicit subroutine value is returned)
+- functions and subroutines are **not recursive in F77**
+
+Subprograms use a separate namespace for each subprogram so that variables are local to the subprogram
+
+- variables are passed to subprogram through argument list and returned in function value or through arguments
+- variables stored in `COMMON` may be shared between namespaces
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Functions and Subroutines - cont'd
+
+Subprograms must include at least one `RETURN` (can have more) and be terminated by an `END` statement
+
+`FUNCTION` example:
+
+```fortran
+REAL FUNCTION AVG3(A,B,C)
+AVG3=(A+B+C)/3
+RETURN
+END
+```
+
+Use:
+
+```fortran
+AV = WEIGHT*AVG3(A1,F2,B2)
+```
+
+> `FUNCTION` type is implicitly defined as REAL
+
+---
+
+# Functions and Subroutines - cont'd
+
+Subroutine is invoked using the `CALL` statement
+
+`SUBROUTINE` example:
+
+```fortran
+SUBROUTINE AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
+AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/3
+RETURN
+END
+```
+
+Use:
+
+```fortran
+CALL AVG3S(A1,F2,B2,AVR)
+RESULT = WEIGHT*AVR
+```
+
+> any returned values must be returned through argument list
+
+---
+
+# Arguments
+
+Arguments in subprogram are `dummy` arguments used in place of the real arguments
+
+- arguments are passed by **reference** (memory address) if given as *symbolic*
+ the subprogram can then alter the actual argument value since it can access it by reference
+- arguments are passed by **value** if given as *literal* (so cannot be modified)
+
+```fortran
+CALL AVG3S(A1,3.4,C1,QAV)
+```
+
+> 2nd argument is passed by value - QAV contains result
+
+```fortran
+CALL AVG3S(A,C,B,4.1)
+```
+
+> no return value is available since "4.1" is a value and not a reference to a variable!
+
+---
+
+# Arguments - cont'd
+
+- `dummy` arguments appearing in a subprogram declaration cannot be an individual array element reference, e.g., `A(2)`, or a *literal*, for obvious reasons!
+- arguments used in invocation (by calling program) may be *variables*, *subscripted variables*, *array names*, *literals*, *expressions* or *function names*
+- using symbolic arguments (variables or array names) is the **only way** to return a value (result) from a `SUBROUTINE`
+
+> It is considered **BAD coding practice**, but functions can return values by changing the value of arguments
+ This type of use should be strictly **avoided**!
+
+---
+
+# Arguments - cont'd
+
+The `INTENT` keyword (>F90) increases readability and enables better compile-time error checking
+
+```fortran
+SUBROUTINE AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
+ IMPLICIT NONE
+ REAL, INTENT(IN) :: A, B
+ REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: C ! default
+ REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: AVERAGE
+
+ A = 10 ! Compilation error
+ C = 10 ! Correct
+ AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/3 ! Correct
+END
+```
+
+> Compiler uses `INTENT` for error checking and optimization
+
+---
+
+# `FUNCTION` versus Array
+
+`REMAINDER(4,3)` could be a 2D array or it could be a reference to a function
+
+If the name, including arguments, **matches an array declaration**, then it is taken to be an array, **otherwise**, it is assumed to be a `FUNCTION`
+
+Be careful about `implicit` versus `explicit` type declarations with `FUNCTION`
+
+```fortran
+PROGRAM MAIN
+ INTEGER REMAINDER
+ ...
+ KR = REMAINDER(4,3)
+ ...
+END
+
+INTEGER FUNCTION REMAINDER(INUM,IDEN)
+ ...
+END
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Arrays with Subprograms
+
+Arrays present special problems in subprograms
+
+- must pass by reference to subprogram since there is no way to list array values explicitly as literals
+- how do you tell subprogram how large the array is ?
+
+> Answer varies with FORTRAN version and vendor (dialect)...
+
+When an array element, e.g. `A(1)`, is used in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference (address), just like a simple variable
+
+When an array is used by name in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference to the entire array. In this case the array must be appropriately dimensioned in the subroutine (and this can be tricky...)
+
+---
+
+# Arrays - cont'd
+
+### Data layout in multi-dimensional arrays
+
+- always increment the left-most index of multi-dimensional arrays in the innermost loop (i.e. fastest)
+- **column major** ordering in Fortran vs. **row major** ordering in C
+- a compiler (with sufficient optimization flags) may re-order loops automatically
+
+```fortran
+do j=1,M
+ do i=1,N ! innermost loop
+ y(i) = y(i)+ a(i,j)*x(j) ! left-most index is i
+ end do
+end do
+```
+
+---
+
+# Arrays - cont'd
+
+- dynamically allocate memory for arrays using `ALLOCATABLE` on declaration
+- memory is allocated through `ALLOCATE` statement in the code and is deallocated through `DEALLOCATE` statement
+
+```fortran
+integer :: m, n
+integer, allocatable :: idx(:)
+real, allocatable :: mat(:,:)
+m = 100 ; n = 200
+allocate( idx(0:m-1))
+allocate( mat(m, n))
+...
+deallocate(idx , mat)
+```
+
+> It exists many array intrinsic functions: SIZE, SHAPE, SUM, ANY, MINVAL, MAXLOC, RESHAPE, DOT_PRODUCT, TRANSPOSE, WHERE, FORALL, etc
+
+---
+
+# `COMMON` & `MODULE` Statement
+
+The `COMMON` statement allows variables to have a more extensive scope than otherwise
+
+- a variable declared in a `Main Program` can be made accessible to subprograms (without appearing in argument lists of a calling statement)
+- this can be selective (don't have to share all everywhere)
+- **placement**: among type declarations, after `IMPLICIT` or `EXPLICIT`, before `DATA` statements
+- can group into **labeled** `COMMON`
+
+With > F90, it's better to use the `MODULE` subprogram instead of the `COMMON` statement
+
+---
+
+# Modular programming (>F90)
+
+Modular programming is about separating parts of programs into independent and interchangeable modules :
+
+- improve testability
+- improve maintainability
+- re-use of code
+- higher level aspect of coding in a smart way
+- *separation of concerns*
+
+The principle is that making significant parts of the code independent, replaceable and independently testable makes your programs **more maintainable**
+
+---
+
+# Subprograms type
+
+`MODULE` are subprograms that allow modular coding and data encapsulation
+
+The interface of a subprogram type is **explicit** or **implicit**
+
+Several types of subprograms:
+
+- `intrinsic`: explicit - defined by Fortran itself (trignonometric functions, etc)
+- `module`: explicit - defined with `MODULE` statement and used with `USE`
+- `internal`: explicit - defined with `CONTAINS` statement inside (sub)programs
+- `external`: implicit (but can be manually (re)defined explicit) - e.g. **libraries**
+
+Differ with the **scope**: what data and other subprograms a subprogram can access
+
+---
+
+# `MODULE` type
+
+```fortran
+MODULE example
+ IMPLICIT NONE
+ INTEGER, PARAMETER :: index = 10
+ REAL(8), SAVE :: latitude
+CONTAINS
+ FUNCTION check(x) RESULT(z)
+ INTEGER :: x, z
+ ...
+ END FUNCTION check
+END MODULE example
+```
+
+```fortran
+PROGRAM myprog
+ USE example, ONLY: check, latitude
+ IMPLICIT NONE
+ ...
+ test = check(a)
+ ...
+END PROGRAM myprog
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# `internal` subprogams
+
+```fortran
+program main
+ implicit none
+ integer N
+ real X(20)
+ ...
+ write(*,*), 'Processing x...', process()
+ ...
+contains
+ logical function process()
+ ! in this function N and X can be accessed directly (scope of main)
+ ! Please not that this method is not recommended:
+ ! it would be better to pass X as an argument of process
+ implicit none
+ if (sum(x) > 5.) then
+ process = .FALSE.
+ else
+ process = .TRUE.
+ endif
+ end function process
+end program
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# `external` subprogams
+
+- `external` subprogams are defined in a separate program unit
+- to use them in another program unit, refer with the `EXTERNAL` statement
+- compiled separately and linked
+
+**!!! DO NOT USE THEM**: modules are much easier and more robust :exclamation:
+
+They are only needed when subprogams are written with different programming language or when using external libraries (such as BLAS)
+
+> It's **highly** recommended to construct `INTERFACE` blocks for any external subprogams used
+
+---
+
+# `interface` statement
+
+```fortran
+SUBROUTINE nag_rand(table)
+ INTERFACE
+ SUBROUTINE g05faf(a,b,n,x)
+ REAL, INTENT(IN) :: a, b
+ INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: n
+ REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: x(n)
+ END SUBROUTINE g05faf
+ END INTERFACE
+ !
+ REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(OUT) :: table
+ !
+ call g05faf(-1.0,-1.0, SIZE(table), table)
+END SUBROUTINE nag_rand
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Conclusions
+
+- Fortran in all its standard versions and vendor-specific dialects is a rich but confusing language
+- Fortran is a modern language that continues to evolve
+
+- Fortran is still ideally suited for numerical computations in engineering and science
+ - most new language features have been added since F95
+ - "High Performance Fortran" includes capabilities designed for parallel processing
diff --git a/assets/FortranCISM.html b/assets/FortranCISM.html
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+/*!
+ * Marp default theme.
+ *
+ * @theme default
+ * @author Yuki Hattori
+ *
+ * @auto-scaling true
+ * @size 16:9 1280px 720px
+ * @size 4:3 960px 720px
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+<h1><svg data-marp-fitting="svg"><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content>Introduction to structured programming with <code>Fortran</code></span></foreignObject></svg></h1>
+<p><a href="https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran">https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran</a></p>
+<p><img src="assets/fortran_logo.png" alt="" style="height:150px;" /></p>
+<h3>Pierre-Yves Barriat</h3>
+<h5>November 09, 2022</h5>
+<h6>CISM/CÉCI Training Sessions</h6>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="2" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Fortran : shall we start ?</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>You know already one computer language ?</li>
+<li>You understand the very basic programming concepts :
+<ul>
+<li>What is a variable, an assignment, function call, etc.?</li>
+<li>Why do I have to compile my code?</li>
+<li>What is an executable?</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>You (may) already know some Fortran ?</li>
+<li>How to proceed from old Fortran, to much more modern languages like Fortran 90/2003 ?</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="3" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Why to learn Fortran ?</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>Because of the execution <code>speed</code> of a program</li>
+<li>Well suited for numerical computations :<br />
+more than 45% of scientific applications are in Fortran</li>
+<li><code>Fast</code> code : compilers can optimize well</li>
+<li>Optimized <code>numerical libraries</code> available</li>
+<li>Fortran is a <code>simple</code> langage and it is (kind-of) <code>easy to learn</code></li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="4" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Fortran is simple</h1>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>We want to get our science done! Not learn languages!</strong></li>
+<li>How easy/difficult is it really to learn Fortran ?</li>
+<li>The concept is easy:<br />
+<em>variables, operators, controls, loops, subroutines/functions</em></li>
+<li><strong>Invest some time now, gain big later!</strong></li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="5" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>History</h1>
+<p><strong>FOR</strong>mula <strong>TRAN</strong>slation</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>invented 1954-8 by John Backus and his team at IBM</p>
+</blockquote>
+<ul>
+<li>FORTRAN 66 (ISO Standard 1972)</li>
+<li>FORTRAN 77 (1978)</li>
+<li>Fortran 90 (1991)</li>
+<li>Fortran 95 (1997)</li>
+<li>Fortran 2003 (2004) → <code>"standard" version</code></li>
+<li>Fortran 2008 (2010)</li>
+<li>Fortran 2018 (11/2018)</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="6" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="6" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Starting with Fortran 77</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>Old Fortran provides only the absolute minimum!</li>
+<li>Basic features :<br />
+data containers (integer, float, ...), arrays, basic operators, loops, I/O, subroutines and functions</li>
+<li>But this version has flaws:<br />
+no dynamic memory allocation, old & obsolete constructs, “spaghetti†code, etc.</li>
+<li>Is that enough to write code ?</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="7" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Fortran 77 → Fortran >90</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>If Fortran 77 is so simple, why is it then so difficult to write good code?</li>
+<li>Is simple really better?<br />
+⇒ Using a language allows us to express our thoughts (on a computer)</li>
+<li>A more sophisticated language allows for more complex thoughts</li>
+<li>More language elements to get organized<br />
+⇒ Fortran 90/95/2003 (recursive, OOP, etc)</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="8" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>How to Build a FORTRAN Program</h1>
+<p>FORTRAN is a compiled language (like C) so the source code (what you write) must be converted into machine code before it can be executed (e.g. Make command)</p>
+<p><img src="assets/build_fortran.png" alt="" style="height:400px;" /></p>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="9" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>FORTRAN 77 Format</h1>
+<p>This version requires a fixed format for programs</p>
+<p><img src="assets/f77_format.png" alt="" style="height:300px;" /></p>
+<ul>
+<li>max length variable names is 6 characters</li>
+<li>alphanumeric only, must start with a letter</li>
+<li>character strings are case sensitive</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="10" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>FORTRAN >90 Format</h1>
+<p>Versions >90 relaxe these requirements:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>comments following statements (! delimiter)</li>
+<li>long variable names (31 characters)</li>
+<li>containing only letters, digits or underscore</li>
+<li>max row length is 132 characters</li>
+<li>can be max 39 continuation lines</li>
+<li>if a line is ended with ampersand (&), the line continues onto the next line</li>
+<li>semicolon (;) as a separator between statements on a single line</li>
+<li>allows free field input</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="11" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Program Organization</h1>
+<p>Most FORTRAN programs consist of a main program and one or more subprograms</p>
+<p>There is a fixed order:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-Fortran90"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>Heading
+Declarations
+Variable initializations
+Program code
+Format statements
+
+Subprogram definitions
+(functions & subroutines)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="12" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Data Type Declarations</h1>
+<p>Basic data types are :</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>INTEGER</code> : integer numbers (+/-)</li>
+<li><code>REAL</code> : floating point numbers</li>
+<li><code>DOUBLE PRECISION</code> : extended precision floating point</li>
+<li><code>CHARACTER*n</code> : string with up to <strong>n</strong> characters</li>
+<li><code>LOGICAL</code> : takes on values <code>.TRUE.</code> or <code>.FALSE.</code></li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="13" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Data Type Declarations</h1>
+<p><code>INTEGER</code> and <code>REAL</code> can specify number of bytes to use</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Default is: <code>INTEGER*4</code> and <code>REAL*4</code></li>
+<li><code>DOUBLE PRECISION</code> is same as <code>REAL*8</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Arrays of any type must be declared:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>DIMENSION A(3,5)</code> - declares a 3 x 5 array</li>
+<li><code>CHARACTER*30 NAME(50)</code> - directly declares a character array with 30 character strings in each element</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="14" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="14" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Data Type Declarations</h1>
+<p>FORTRAN >90 allows user defined types</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">TYPE</span> my_variable
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">character</span>(<span class="hljs-number">30</span>) :: <span class="hljs-keyword">name</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span> :: id
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">real</span>(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>) :: <span class="hljs-keyword">value</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">dimension</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number">3</span>) :: dimIndex
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TYPE</span> variable
+
+<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span>(my_variable) var
+var%<span class="hljs-keyword">name</span> = <span class="hljs-string">"salinity"</span>
+var%id = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="15" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Implicit vs Explicit Declarations</h1>
+<p>By default, an implicit type is assumed depending on the first letter of the variable name:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>A-H, O-Z</code> define REAL variables</li>
+<li><code>I-N</code> define INTEGER variables</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Can use the IMPLICIT statement:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span> (A-Z)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>makes all variables REAL if not declared</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="16" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Implicit vs Explicit Declarations</h1>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">2</span> (W)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>makes variables starting with W be 2-character strings</p>
+</blockquote>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">DOUBLE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">PRECISION</span> (D)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>makes variables starting with D be double precision</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><strong>Good habit</strong>: force explicit type declarations</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>user must explicitly declare all variable types</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="17" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Assignment Statements</h1>
+<p><strong>Old</strong> assignment statement: <code><label></code> <code><variable></code> = <code><expression></code></p>
+<ul>
+<li><code><label></code> : statement label number (1 to 99999)</li>
+<li><code><variable></code> : FORTRAN variable<br />
+(max 6 characters, alphanumeric only for standard FORTRAN 77)</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Expression</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Numeric expressions: <code>VAR = 3.5*COS(THETA)</code></li>
+<li>Character expressions: <code>DAY(1:3) = 'TUE'</code></li>
+<li>Relational expressions: <code>FLAG = ANS .GT. 0</code></li>
+<li>Logical expressions: <code>FLAG = F1 .OR. F2</code></li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="18" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Numeric Expressions</h1>
+<p>Arithmetic operators: precedence: <code>**</code> <em>(high)</em> → <code>-</code> <em>(low)</em></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Function</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>**</code></td>
+<td>exponentiation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>*</code></td>
+<td>multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>/</code></td>
+<td>division</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>+</code></td>
+<td>addition</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-</code></td>
+<td>subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="19" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Numeric Expressions</h1>
+<p>Numeric expressions are up-cast to the highest data type in the expression according to the precedence:</p>
+<p><em>(low)</em> logical → integer → real → complex <em>(high)</em></p>
+<p>and smaller byte size <em>(low)</em> to larger byte size <em>(high)</em></p>
+<h2>Example:</h2>
+<blockquote>
+<p>fortran 77 source code <a href="https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran/src/master/src/01_arith.f">arith.f</a></p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="20" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Character Expressions</h1>
+<p>Only built-in operator is <strong>Concatenation</strong> defined by <code>//</code></p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-string">'ILL'</span>//<span class="hljs-string">'-'</span>//<span class="hljs-string">'ADVISED'</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<p><code>character</code> arrays are most commonly encountered</p>
+<ul>
+<li>treated like any array (indexed using : notation)</li>
+<li>fixed length (usually padded with blanks)</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="21" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="21" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Character Expressions</h1>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span> FAMILY*<span class="hljs-number">16</span>
+FAMILY = ‘GEORGE P. BURDELL’
+
+<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(:<span class="hljs-number">6</span>)
+<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>:<span class="hljs-number">9</span>)
+<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(<span class="hljs-number">11</span>:)
+<span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,FAMILY(:<span class="hljs-number">6</span>)//FAMILY(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>:)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>GEORGE
+P.
+BURDELL
+GEORGE BURDELL
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="22" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="22" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Relational Expressions</h1>
+<p>Two expressions whose values are compared to determine whether the relation is true or false</p>
+<ul>
+<li>may be numeric (common) or non-numeric</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>character</code> strings can be compared</p>
+<ul>
+<li>done character by character</li>
+<li>shorter string is padded with blanks for comparison</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="23" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="23" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Relational Expressions</h1>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Relationship</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.LT.</code> or <code><</code></td>
+<td>less than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.LE.</code> or <code><=</code></td>
+<td>less than or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.EQ.</code> or <code>==</code></td>
+<td>equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.NE.</code> or <code>/=</code></td>
+<td>not equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.GT.</code> or <code>></code></td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.GE.</code> or <code>>=</code></td>
+<td>greater than or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="24" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="24" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Logical Expressions</h1>
+<p>Consists of one or more logical operators and logical, numeric or relational operands</p>
+<ul>
+<li>values are <code>.TRUE.</code> or <code>.FALSE.</code></li>
+<li>need to consider overall operator precedence</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p>can combine logical and integer data with logical operators but this is tricky (<strong>avoid!</strong>)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="25" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Logical Expressions</h1>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>F77 Operator</th>
+<th>>F90 Operator</th>
+<th>Example</th>
+<th>Meaning</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.AND.</code></td>
+<td><code>&&</code></td>
+<td><code>A .AND. B</code></td>
+<td>logical <code>AND</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.OR.</code></td>
+<td><code>||</code></td>
+<td><code>A .OR. B</code></td>
+<td>logical <code>OR</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.EQV.</code></td>
+<td><code>==</code></td>
+<td><code>A .EQV. B</code></td>
+<td>logical equivalence</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.NEQV.</code></td>
+<td><code>/=</code></td>
+<td><code>A .NEQV. B</code></td>
+<td>logical inequivalence</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.XOR.</code></td>
+<td><code>/=</code></td>
+<td><code>A .XOR. B</code></td>
+<td>exclusive <code>OR</code> (same as <code>.NEQV.</code>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>.NOT.</code></td>
+<td><code>!</code></td>
+<td><code>.NOT. A</code></td>
+<td>logical negation</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="26" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="26" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Arrays in FORTRAN</h1>
+<p>Arrays can be multi-dimensional (up to 7 in F77) and are indexed using <code>( )</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>TEST(3)</code> or <code>FORCE(4,2)</code></li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Indices are by default defined as <code>1...N</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>We can specify index range in declaration</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>INTEGER K(0:11)</code> : <code>K</code> is dimensioned from <code>0-11</code> (12 elements)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Arrays are stored in column order (1st column, 2nd column, etc) so accessing by incrementing row index first usually is fastest</p>
+<p>Whole array reference (only in >F90): <code>K(:)=-8</code> assigns 8 to all elements in K</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Avoid <code>K=-8</code> assignement</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="27" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Unconditional <code>GO TO</code> in F77</h1>
+<p>This is the only GOTO in FORTRAN 77</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Syntax: <code>GO TO label</code></li>
+<li>Unconditional transfer to labeled statement</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap> <span class="hljs-number">10</span> -code-
+ GO TO <span class="hljs-number">30</span>
+ -code that is bypassed-
+ <span class="hljs-number">30</span> -code that is <span class="hljs-keyword">target</span> of <span class="hljs-keyword">GOTO</span>-
+ -more code-
+ GO TO <span class="hljs-number">10</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Problem</strong> : leads to confusing <em>"spaghetti code"</em> <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="💥" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/svg/1f4a5.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="28" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="28" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>IF ELSE IF</code> Statement</h1>
+<p>Basic version:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'FRESHMAN'</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'SOPHOMORE'</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.3</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'JUNIOR'</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KSTAT.EQ<span class="hljs-number">.4</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">THEN</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'SENIOR'</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">ELSE</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">CLASS</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'UNKNOWN'</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">ENDIF</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="29" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="29" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Spaghetti Code in F77 (and before)</h1>
+<p>Use of <code>GO TO</code> and arithmetic <code>IF</code>'s leads to bad code that is very hard to maintain</p>
+<p>Here is the equivalent of an <code>IF-THEN-ELSE</code> statement:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap> <span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (KEY.LT<span class="hljs-number">.0</span>) GO TO <span class="hljs-number">20</span>
+ TEST=TEST-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
+ THETA=<span class="hljs-built_in">ATAN</span>(X,Y)
+ GO TO <span class="hljs-number">30</span>
+ <span class="hljs-number">20</span> TEST=TEST+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
+ THETA=<span class="hljs-built_in">ATAN</span>(-X,Y)
+ <span class="hljs-number">30</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">CONTINUE</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<p>Now try to figure out what a complex <code>IF ELSE IF</code> statement would look like coded with this kind of simple <code>IF</code>...</p>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="30" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="30" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Loop Statements (old versions)</h1>
+<p><code>DO</code> loop: structure that executes a specified number of times</p>
+<p><em>Spaghetti Code Version</em></p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap> K=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
+ <span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,A(K)
+ K=K+<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">IF</span> (K.LE<span class="hljs-number">.11</span>) GO TO <span class="hljs-number">10</span>
+ <span class="hljs-number">20</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">CONTINUE</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<p><em>F77 Version</em></p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap> <span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span> <span class="hljs-number">100</span> K=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number">10</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
+ <span class="hljs-built_in">PRINT</span>*,A(K)
+ <span class="hljs-number">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">CONTINUE</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="31" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="31" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Loop Statements (>F90)</h1>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span> K=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number">10</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
+ <span class="hljs-built_in">WRITE</span>(*,*) A(K)
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<ul>
+<li>Loop _control can include variables and a third parameter to specify increments, including negative values</li>
+<li>Loop always executes ONCE before testing for end condition</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>READ(*,*) R
+<span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">WHILE</span> (R.GE<span class="hljs-number">.0</span>)
+ VOL=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>*PI*R**<span class="hljs-number">2</span>*CLEN
+ READ(*,*) R
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">DO</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<ul>
+<li>Loop will not execute at all if logical_expr is not true at start</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="32" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="32" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Comments on Loop Statements</h1>
+<p>In old versions:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>to transfer out (exit loop), use a <code>GO TO</code></li>
+<li>to skip to next loop, use <code>GO TO</code> terminating statement (this is a good reason to always make this a <code>CONTINUE</code> statement)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In new versions:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>to transfer out (exit loop), use <code>EXIT</code> statement and control is transferred to statement following loop end. This means you cannot transfer out of multiple nested loops with a single <code>EXIT</code> statement (use named loops if needed - <code>myloop : do i=1,n</code>). This is much like a <code>BREAK</code> statement in other languages.</li>
+<li>to skip to next loop cycle, use <code>CYCLE</code> statement in loop.</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="33" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="33" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>File-Directed Input and Output</h1>
+<p>Much of early FORTRAN was devoted to reading input data<br />
+from Cards and writing to a line printer</p>
+<p>Today, most I/O is to and from a file: it requires more extensive I/O capabilities standardized until FORTRAN 77</p>
+<p><strong>I/O</strong> = communication between a program and the outside world</p>
+<ul>
+<li>opening and closing a file with <code>OPEN</code> & <code>CLOSE</code></li>
+<li>data reading & writing with <code>READ</code> & <code>WRITE</code></li>
+<li>can use <strong>unformatted</strong> <code>READ</code> & <code>WRITE</code> if no human readable data are involved (much faster access, smaller files)</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="34" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="34" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>OPEN</code> & <code>CLOSE</code> example</h1>
+<p>Once opened, file is referred to by an assigned device number (a unique id)</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">character</span>(len=*) :: x_name
+<span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span> :: ierr, iSize, guess_unit
+<span class="hljs-keyword">logical</span> :: itsopen, itexists
+<span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
+inquire(<span class="hljs-keyword">file</span>=<span class="hljs-built_in">trim</span>(x_name), <span class="hljs-built_in">size</span>=iSize, <span class="hljs-keyword">number</span>=guess_unit, <span class="hljs-keyword">opened</span>=itsopen, <span class="hljs-keyword">exist</span>=itexists)
+<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> ( itsopen ) close(guess_unit, <span class="hljs-keyword">status</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'delete'</span>)
+<span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
+open(<span class="hljs-number">902</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">file</span>=<span class="hljs-built_in">trim</span>(x_name),<span class="hljs-keyword">status</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'new'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">iostat</span>=ierr)
+<span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (iSize <= <span class="hljs-number">0</span> .OR. .NOT.itexists) <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
+ open(<span class="hljs-number">902</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">file</span>=<span class="hljs-built_in">trim</span>(x_name),<span class="hljs-keyword">status</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'new'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">iostat</span>=ierr)
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (ierr /= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
+ ...
+ close(<span class="hljs-number">902</span>)
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">endif</span>
+ ...
+<span class="hljs-keyword">endif</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="35" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="35" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>READ</code> Statement</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>syntax: <code>READ(dev_no, format_label) variable_list</code></li>
+<li>read a record from <code>dev_no</code> using <code>format_label</code> and assign results to variables in <code>variable_list</code></li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap> READ(<span class="hljs-number">105</span>,<span class="hljs-number">1000</span>) A,B,C
+ <span class="hljs-number">1000</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">FORMAT</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>F12<span class="hljs-number">.4</span>)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>device numbers 1-7 are defined as standard I/O devices</p>
+</blockquote>
+<ul>
+<li>each <code>READ</code> reads one or more lines of data and any remaining data in a line that is read is dropped if not translated to one of the variables in the <code>variable_list</code></li>
+<li><code>variable_list</code> can include implied <code>DO</code> such as: <code>READ(105,1000)(A(I),I=1,10)</code></li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="36" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="36" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>READ</code> Statement - cont'd</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>input items can be integer, real or character</li>
+<li>characters must be enclosed in <code>' '</code></li>
+<li>input items are separated by commas</li>
+<li>input items must agree in type with variables in <code>variable_list</code></li>
+<li>each <code>READ</code> processes a new record (line)</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> K
+<span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>) A,B
+OPEN(<span class="hljs-number">105</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">FILE</span>=<span class="hljs-string">'path_to_existing_file'</span>)
+READ(<span class="hljs-number">105</span>,*) A,B,K
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>read one line and look for floating point values for A and B and an integer for K</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="37" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="37" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>WRITE</code> Statement</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>syntax: <code>WRITE(dev_no, format_label) variable_list</code></li>
+<li>write variables in <code>variable_list</code> to output <code>dev_no</code> using format specified in format statement with <code>format_label</code></li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap> <span class="hljs-built_in">WRITE</span>(*,<span class="hljs-number">1000</span>) A,B,KEY
+ <span class="hljs-number">1000</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">FORMAT</span>(F12<span class="hljs-number">.4</span>,E14<span class="hljs-number">.5</span>,I6)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>|----+----o----+----o----+----o----+----|
+ <span class="hljs-number">1234.5678</span> -<span class="hljs-number">0.12345E+02</span> <span class="hljs-number">12</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<ul>
+<li>device number <code>*</code> is by default the screen (or <em>standard output</em> - also 6)</li>
+<li>each <code>WRITE</code> produces one or more output lines as needed to write out <code>variable_list</code> using <code>format</code> statement</li>
+<li><code>variable_list</code> can include implied <code>DO</code> such as: <code>WRITE(*,2000)(A(I),I=1,10)</code></li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="38" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="38" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>FORMAT</code> Statement</h1>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>data type</th>
+<th>format descriptors</th>
+<th>example</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>iw</code></td>
+<td><code>write(*,'(i5)') int</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>real</code> (<em>decimal</em>)</td>
+<td><code>fw.d</code></td>
+<td><code>write(*,'(f7.4)') x</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>real</code> (<em>exponential</em>)</td>
+<td><code>ew.d</code></td>
+<td><code>write(*,'(e12.3)') y</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>character</code></td>
+<td><code>a, aw</code></td>
+<td><code>write(*,'(a)') string</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>logical</code></td>
+<td><code>lw</code></td>
+<td><code>write(*,'(l2)') test</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>spaces & tabs</td>
+<td><code>wx</code> & <code>tw</code></td>
+<td><code>write (*,'(i3,2x,f6.3)') i, x</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>linebreak</td>
+<td><code>/</code></td>
+<td><code>write (*,'(f6.3,/,f6.3)') x, y</code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="39" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="39" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>NAMELIST</code></h1>
+<p>It is possible to pre-define the structure of input and output data using <code>NAMELIST</code> in order to make it easier to process with <code>READ</code> and <code>WRITE</code> statements</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Use <code>NAMELIST</code> to define the data structure</li>
+<li>Use <code>READ</code> or <code>WRITE</code> with reference to <code>NAMELIST</code> to handle the data in the specified format</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p>This is not part of standard F77 but it is included in >F90</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>On input, the <code>NAMELIST</code> data must be structured as follows:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>&INPUT
+ THICK=<span class="hljs-number">0.245</span>,
+ LENGTH=<span class="hljs-number">12.34</span>,
+ WIDTH=<span class="hljs-number">2.34</span>,
+ DENSITY=<span class="hljs-number">0.0034</span>
+/
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="40" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="40" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Internal <code>WRITE</code> Statement</h1>
+<p>Internal <code>WRITE</code> does same as <code>ENCODE</code> in F77 : <strong>a cast to string</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><code>WRITE (dev_no, format_label) var_list</code><br />
+write variables in <code>var_list</code> to internal storage defined by character variable used as <code>dev_no</code> = default character variable (not an array)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">4</span> J,K
+<span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">50</span> CHAR50
+<span class="hljs-keyword">DATA</span> J,K/<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>/
+...
+<span class="hljs-built_in">WRITE</span>(CHAR50,*) J,K
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<p>Results:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>CHAR50=<span class="hljs-string">' 1 2'</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="41" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="41" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Internal <code>READ</code> Statement</h1>
+<p>Internal <code>READ</code> does same as <code>DECODE</code> in F77 : <strong>a cast from string</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><code>READ (dev_no, format_label) var_list</code><br />
+read variables from internal storage specified by character variable used as <code>dev_no</code> = default character variable (not an array)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> K
+<span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span> A,B
+<span class="hljs-keyword">CHARACTER</span>*<span class="hljs-number">80</span> REC80
+<span class="hljs-keyword">DATA</span> REC80/<span class="hljs-string">'1.2, 2.3, -5'</span>/
+...
+READ(REC80,*) A,B,K
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<p>Results:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>A=<span class="hljs-number">1.2</span>, B=<span class="hljs-number">2.3</span>, K=-<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="42" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="42" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Structured programming</h1>
+<p>Structured programming is based on subprograms (functions and subroutines) and control statements (like <code>IF</code> statements or loops) :</p>
+<ul>
+<li>structure the control-flow of your programs (eg, give up the <code>GO TO</code>)</li>
+<li>improved readability</li>
+<li>lower level aspect of coding in a smart way</li>
+</ul>
+<p>It is a <strong>programming paradigm</strong> aimed at improving the quality, clarity, and access time of a computer program</p>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="43" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="43" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Functions and Subroutines</h1>
+<p><code>FUNCTION</code> & <code>SUBROUTINE</code> are subprograms that allow structured coding</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>FUNCTION</code>: returns a single explicit function value for given function arguments<br />
+It’s also a variable → so must be declared !</li>
+<li><code>SUBROUTINE</code>: any values returned must be returned through the arguments (no explicit subroutine value is returned)</li>
+<li>functions and subroutines are <strong>not recursive in F77</strong></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Subprograms use a separate namespace for each subprogram so that variables are local to the subprogram</p>
+<ul>
+<li>variables are passed to subprogram through argument list and returned in function value or through arguments</li>
+<li>variables stored in <code>COMMON</code> may be shared between namespaces</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="44" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="44" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Functions and Subroutines - cont'd</h1>
+<p>Subprograms must include at least one <code>RETURN</code> (can have more) and be terminated by an <code>END</code> statement</p>
+<p><code>FUNCTION</code> example:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> AVG3(A,B,C)
+AVG3=(A+B+C)/<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">RETURN</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<p>Use:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>AV = WEIGHT*AVG3(A1,F2,B2)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p><code>FUNCTION</code> type is implicitly defined as REAL</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="45" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="45" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Functions and Subroutines - cont'd</h1>
+<p>Subroutine is invoked using the <code>CALL</code> statement</p>
+<p><code>SUBROUTINE</code> example:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
+AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">RETURN</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<p>Use:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CALL</span> AVG3S(A1,F2,B2,AVR)
+RESULT = WEIGHT*AVR
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>any returned values must be returned through argument list</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="46" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="46" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Arguments</h1>
+<p>Arguments in subprogram are <code>dummy</code> arguments used in place of the real arguments</p>
+<ul>
+<li>arguments are passed by <strong>reference</strong> (memory address) if given as <em>symbolic</em><br />
+the subprogram can then alter the actual argument value since it can access it by reference</li>
+<li>arguments are passed by <strong>value</strong> if given as <em>literal</em> (so cannot be modified)</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CALL</span> AVG3S(A1,<span class="hljs-number">3.4</span>,C1,QAV)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>2nd argument is passed by value - QAV contains result</p>
+</blockquote>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">CALL</span> AVG3S(A,C,B,<span class="hljs-number">4.1</span>)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>no return value is available since "4.1" is a value and not a reference to a variable!</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="47" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="47" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Arguments - cont'd</h1>
+<ul>
+<li><code>dummy</code> arguments appearing in a subprogram declaration cannot be an individual array element reference, e.g., <code>A(2)</code>, or a <em>literal</em>, for obvious reasons!</li>
+<li>arguments used in invocation (by calling program) may be <em>variables</em>, <em>subscripted variables</em>, <em>array names</em>, <em>literals</em>, <em>expressions</em> or <em>function names</em></li>
+<li>using symbolic arguments (variables or array names) is the <strong>only way</strong> to return a value (result) from a <code>SUBROUTINE</code></li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p>It is considered <strong>BAD coding practice</strong>, but functions can return values by changing the value of arguments<br />
+This type of use should be strictly <strong>avoided</strong>!</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="48" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="48" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Arguments - cont'd</h1>
+<p>The <code>INTENT</code> keyword (>F90) increases readability and enables better compile-time error checking</p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">IN</span>) :: A, B
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(INOUT) :: C <span class="hljs-comment">! default</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">OUT</span>) :: AVERAGE
+
+ A = <span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-comment">! Compilation error</span>
+ C = <span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-comment">! Correct</span>
+ AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/<span class="hljs-number">3</span> <span class="hljs-comment">! Correct</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Compiler uses <code>INTENT</code> for error checking and optimization</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="49" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="49" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>FUNCTION</code> versus Array</h1>
+<p><code>REMAINDER(4,3)</code> could be a 2D array or it could be a reference to a function</p>
+<p>If the name, including arguments, <strong>matches an array declaration</strong>, then it is taken to be an array, <strong>otherwise</strong>, it is assumed to be a <code>FUNCTION</code></p>
+<p>Be careful about <code>implicit</code> versus <code>explicit</code> type declarations with <code>FUNCTION</code></p>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">PROGRAM</span></span> MAIN
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> REMAINDER
+ ...
+ KR = REMAINDER(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number">3</span>)
+ ...
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
+
+<span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> REMAINDER(INUM,IDEN)
+ ...
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="50" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="50" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Arrays with Subprograms</h1>
+<p>Arrays present special problems in subprograms</p>
+<ul>
+<li>must pass by reference to subprogram since there is no way to list array values explicitly as literals</li>
+<li>how do you tell subprogram how large the array is ?</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Answer varies with FORTRAN version and vendor (dialect)...</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>When an array element, e.g. <code>A(1)</code>, is used in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference (address), just like a simple variable</p>
+<p>When an array is used by name in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference to the entire array. In this case the array must be appropriately dimensioned in the subroutine (and this can be tricky...)</p>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="51" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="51" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Arrays - cont'd</h1>
+<h3>Data layout in multi-dimensional arrays</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>always increment the left-most index of multi-dimensional arrays in the innermost loop (i.e. fastest)</li>
+<li><strong>column major</strong> ordering in Fortran vs. <strong>row major</strong> ordering in C</li>
+<li>a compiler (with sufficient optimization flags) may re-order loops automatically</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">do</span> j=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,M
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">do</span> i=<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,N <span class="hljs-comment">! innermost loop</span>
+ y(i) = y(i)+ a(i,j)*x(j) <span class="hljs-comment">! left-most index is i</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
+<span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">do</span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="52" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="52" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Arrays - cont'd</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>dynamically allocate memory for arrays using <code>ALLOCATABLE</code> on declaration</li>
+<li>memory is allocated through <code>ALLOCATE</code> statement in the code and is deallocated through <code>DEALLOCATE</code> statement</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span> :: m, n
+<span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">allocatable</span> :: idx(:)
+<span class="hljs-keyword">real</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">allocatable</span> :: mat(:,:)
+m = <span class="hljs-number">100</span> ; n = <span class="hljs-number">200</span>
+<span class="hljs-built_in">allocate</span>( idx(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>:m-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>))
+<span class="hljs-built_in">allocate</span>( mat(m, n))
+...
+<span class="hljs-built_in">deallocate</span>(idx , mat)
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>It exists many array intrinsic functions: SIZE, SHAPE, SUM, ANY, MINVAL, MAXLOC, RESHAPE, DOT_PRODUCT, TRANSPOSE, WHERE, FORALL, etc</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="53" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="53" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>COMMON</code> & <code>MODULE</code> Statement</h1>
+<p>The <code>COMMON</code> statement allows variables to have a more extensive scope than otherwise</p>
+<ul>
+<li>a variable declared in a <code>Main Program</code> can be made accessible to subprograms (without appearing in argument lists of a calling statement)</li>
+<li>this can be selective (don't have to share all everywhere)</li>
+<li><strong>placement</strong>: among type declarations, after <code>IMPLICIT</code> or <code>EXPLICIT</code>, before <code>DATA</code> statements</li>
+<li>can group into <strong>labeled</strong> <code>COMMON</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>With > F90, it's better to use the <code>MODULE</code> subprogram instead of the <code>COMMON</code> statement</p>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="54" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="54" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Modular programming (>F90)</h1>
+<p>Modular programming is about separating parts of programs into independent and interchangeable modules :</p>
+<ul>
+<li>improve testability</li>
+<li>improve maintainability</li>
+<li>re-use of code</li>
+<li>higher level aspect of coding in a smart way</li>
+<li><em>separation of concerns</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The principle is that making significant parts of the code independent, replaceable and independently testable makes your programs <strong>more maintainable</strong></p>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="55" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="55" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Subprograms type</h1>
+<p><code>MODULE</code> are subprograms that allow modular coding and data encapsulation</p>
+<p>The interface of a subprogram type is <strong>explicit</strong> or <strong>implicit</strong></p>
+<p>Several types of subprograms:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>intrinsic</code>: explicit - defined by Fortran itself (trignonometric functions, etc)</li>
+<li><code>module</code>: explicit - defined with <code>MODULE</code> statement and used with <code>USE</code></li>
+<li><code>internal</code>: explicit - defined with <code>CONTAINS</code> statement inside (sub)programs</li>
+<li><code>external</code>: implicit (but can be manually (re)defined explicit) - e.g. <strong>libraries</strong></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Differ with the <strong>scope</strong>: what data and other subprograms a subprogram can access</p>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="56" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="56" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>MODULE</code> type</h1>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">MODULE</span> example
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">PARAMETER</span> :: <span class="hljs-built_in">index</span> = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>(<span class="hljs-number">8</span>), <span class="hljs-keyword">SAVE</span> :: latitude
+<span class="hljs-keyword">CONTAINS</span>
+ <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> check(x) RESULT(z)
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span> :: x, z
+ ...
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">FUNCTION</span></span> check
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">MODULE</span> example
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">PROGRAM</span></span> myprog
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">USE</span> example, <span class="hljs-keyword">ONLY</span>: check, latitude
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">IMPLICIT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NONE</span>
+ ...
+ test = check(a)
+ ...
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">PROGRAM</span></span> myprog
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="57" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="57" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>internal</code> subprogams</h1>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">program</span></span> main
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">implicit</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">none</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">integer</span> N
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">real</span> X(<span class="hljs-number">20</span>)
+ ...
+ <span class="hljs-built_in">write</span>(*,*), <span class="hljs-string">'Processing x...'</span>, process()
+ ...
+<span class="hljs-keyword">contains</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">logical</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span></span> process()
+ <span class="hljs-comment">! in this function N and X can be accessed directly (scope of main)</span>
+ <span class="hljs-comment">! Please not that this method is not recommended:</span>
+ <span class="hljs-comment">! it would be better to pass X as an argument of process</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">implicit</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">none</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (<span class="hljs-built_in">sum</span>(x) > <span class="hljs-number">5.</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span>
+ process = .FALSE.
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>
+ process = .TRUE.
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">endif</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span></span> process
+<span class="hljs-keyword">end</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">program</span></span>
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="58" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="58" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>external</code> subprogams</h1>
+<ul>
+<li><code>external</code> subprogams are defined in a separate program unit</li>
+<li>to use them in another program unit, refer with the <code>EXTERNAL</code> statement</li>
+<li>compiled separately and linked</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>!!! DO NOT USE THEM</strong>: modules are much easier and more robust <img class="emoji" draggable="false" alt="â—" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/14.0.2/svg/2757.svg" data-marp-twemoji=""/></p>
+<p>They are only needed when subprogams are written with different programming language or when using external libraries (such as BLAS)</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>It's <strong>highly</strong> recommended to construct <code>INTERFACE</code> blocks for any external subprogams used</p>
+</blockquote>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="59" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="59" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1><code>interface</code> statement</h1>
+<pre><code class="language-fortran"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> nag_rand(table)
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">INTERFACE</span>
+ <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> g05faf(a,b,n,x)
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">IN</span>) :: a, b
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">INTEGER</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">IN</span>) :: n
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">OUT</span>) :: x(n)
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> g05faf
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">INTERFACE</span>
+ <span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">REAL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">DIMENSION</span>(:), <span class="hljs-keyword">INTENT</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">OUT</span>) :: table
+ <span class="hljs-comment">!</span>
+ <span class="hljs-keyword">call</span> g05faf(-<span class="hljs-number">1.0</span>,-<span class="hljs-number">1.0</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">SIZE</span>(table), table)
+<span class="hljs-keyword">END</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">SUBROUTINE</span></span> nag_rand
+</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
+</section>
+</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="60" data-background-image="url('assets/back.png')" data-footer="09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran" data-paginate="true" data-theme="vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm" data-marpit-pagination="60" data-marpit-pagination-total="60" style="--background-image:url('assets/back.png');--footer:09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran;--paginate:true;--theme:vnc6mvbjqstkhfawxx2h2q37lry3esagk64kvzu5xm;background-image:url('assets/back.png');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;">
+<h1>Conclusions</h1>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Fortran in all its standard versions and vendor-specific dialects is a rich but confusing language</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Fortran is a modern language that continues to evolve</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Fortran is still ideally suited for numerical computations in engineering and science</p>
+<ul>
+<li>most new language features have been added since F95</li>
+<li>"High Performance Fortran" includes capabilities designed for parallel processing</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<footer>09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran</footer>
+</section>
+<script>!function(){"use strict";const t="marpitSVGPolyfill:setZoomFactor,",e=Symbol();let r,o;function n(n){const i="object"==typeof n&&n.target||document,a="object"==typeof n?n.zoom:n;window[e]||(Object.defineProperty(window,e,{configurable:!0,value:!0}),window.addEventListener("message",(({data:e,origin:r})=>{if(r===window.origin)try{if(e&&"string"==typeof e&&e.startsWith(t)){const[,t]=e.split(","),r=Number.parseFloat(t);Number.isNaN(r)||(o=r)}}catch(t){console.error(t)}})));let l=!1;Array.from(i.querySelectorAll("svg[data-marpit-svg]"),(t=>{var e,n,i,s;t.style.transform||(t.style.transform="translateZ(0)");const c=a||o||t.currentScale||1;r!==c&&(r=c,l=c);const d=t.getBoundingClientRect(),{length:f}=t.children;for(let r=0;r<f;r+=1){const o=t.children[r];if(o.getScreenCTM){const t=o.getScreenCTM();if(t){const r=null!==(n=null===(e=o.x)||void 0===e?void 0:e.baseVal.value)&&void 0!==n?n:0,a=null!==(s=null===(i=o.y)||void 0===i?void 0:i.baseVal.value)&&void 0!==s?s:0,l=o.children.length;for(let e=0;e<l;e+=1){const n=o.children[e];if("SECTION"===n.tagName){const{style:e}=n;e.transformOrigin||(e.transformOrigin=`${-r}px ${-a}px`),e.transform=`scale(${c}) matrix(${t.a}, ${t.b}, ${t.c}, ${t.d}, ${t.e-d.left}, ${t.f-d.top}) translateZ(0.0001px)`;break}}}}}})),!1!==l&&Array.from(i.querySelectorAll("iframe"),(({contentWindow:e})=>{null==e||e.postMessage(`${t}${l}`,"null"===window.origin?"*":window.origin)}))}r=1,o=void 0;const i=(t,e,r)=>{if(t.getAttribute(e)!==r)return t.setAttribute(e,r),!0};function a({once:t=!1,target:e=document}={}){const r="Apple Computer, Inc."===navigator.vendor?[n]:[];let o=!t;const a=()=>{for(const t of r)t({target:e});!function(t=document){Array.from(t.querySelectorAll('svg[data-marp-fitting="svg"]'),(t=>{var e;const r=t.firstChild,o=r.firstChild,{scrollWidth:n,scrollHeight:a}=o;let l,s=1;if(t.hasAttribute("data-marp-fitting-code")&&(l=null===(e=t.parentElement)||void 0===e?void 0:e.parentElement),t.hasAttribute("data-marp-fitting-math")&&(l=t.parentElement),l){const t=getComputedStyle(l),e=Math.ceil(l.clientWidth-parseFloat(t.paddingLeft||"0")-parseFloat(t.paddingRight||"0"));e&&(s=e)}const c=Math.max(n,s),d=Math.max(a,1),f=`0 0 ${c} ${d}`;i(r,"width",`${c}`),i(r,"height",`${d}`),i(t,"preserveAspectRatio",getComputedStyle(t).getPropertyValue("--preserve-aspect-ratio")||"xMinYMin meet"),i(t,"viewBox",f)&&t.classList.toggle("__reflow__")}))}(e),o&&window.requestAnimationFrame(a)};return a(),()=>{o=!1}}const l=Symbol(),s=document.currentScript;((t=document)=>{if("undefined"==typeof window)throw new Error("Marp Core's browser script is valid only in browser context.");if(t[l])return t[l];const e=a({target:t}),r=()=>{e(),delete t[l]};Object.defineProperty(t,l,{configurable:!0,value:r})})(s?s.getRootNode():document)}();
+</script></foreignObject></svg></div><div class="bespoke-marp-note" data-index="55" tabindex="0"><p>Notes for presenter.</p><p>```fortran
+module subs
+
+contains
+
+subroutine asub (i, control)
+
+ implicit none
+
+ integer, intent (in) :: i
+ logical, intent (in) :: control
+
+ integer, save :: j = 0
+ integer :: k
+
+ j = j + i
+ if ( control ) k = 0
+ k = k + i
+
+ write (*, *) 'i, j, k=', i, j, k
+
+end subroutine asub
+
+end module subs
+
+program test_saves
+
+ use subs
+ implicit none
+
+ call asub ( 3, .TRUE. )
+ call asub ( 4, .FALSE. )
+
+end program test_saves
+```
+
+Local variable k of the subroutine is intentionally misused -- in this program it is initialized in the first call since control is TRUE, but on the second call control is FALSE, so k is not redefined. But without the save attribute k is undefined, so the using its value is illegal.
+
+```fortran
+ i, j, k= 3 3 3
+ i, j, k= 4 7 7
+```
+
+Compiling the program with ifort and aggressive optimization options, k lost its value:
+
+```fortran
+ i, j, k= 3 3 3
+ i, j, k= 4 7 4
+```</p></div><script>/*!! License: https://unpkg.com/@marp-team/marp-cli@1.7.1/lib/bespoke.js.LICENSE.txt */
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diff --git a/assets/FortranCISM.md b/assets/FortranCISM.md
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+---
+marp: true
+title: Introduction to structured programming with Fortran
+author: P.Y. Barriat
+description: https://dev.to/nikolab/complete-list-of-github-markdown-emoji-markup-5aia
+backgroundImage: url('assets/back.png')
+_backgroundImage: url('assets/garde.png')
+footer: 09/11/2022 | Introduction to structured programming with Fortran
+_footer: ""
+paginate: true
+_paginate: false
+---
+
+Introduction to structured programming with `Fortran`<!--fit-->
+===
+
+https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran
+
+
+
+### Pierre-Yves Barriat
+
+##### November 09, 2022
+
+###### CISM/CÉCI Training Sessions
+
+---
+
+# Fortran : shall we start ?
+
+- You know already one computer language ?
+- You understand the very basic programming concepts :
+ - What is a variable, an assignment, function call, etc.?
+ - Why do I have to compile my code?
+ - What is an executable?
+- You (may) already know some Fortran ?
+- How to proceed from old Fortran, to much more modern languages like Fortran 90/2003 ?
+
+---
+
+# Why to learn Fortran ?
+
+- Because of the execution `speed` of a program
+- Well suited for numerical computations :
+more than 45% of scientific applications are in Fortran
+- `Fast` code : compilers can optimize well
+- Optimized `numerical libraries` available
+- Fortran is a `simple` langage and it is (kind-of) `easy to learn`
+
+---
+
+# Fortran is simple
+
+- **We want to get our science done! Not learn languages!**
+- How easy/difficult is it really to learn Fortran ?
+- The concept is easy:
+*variables, operators, controls, loops, subroutines/functions*
+- **Invest some time now, gain big later!**
+
+---
+
+# History
+
+**FOR**mula **TRAN**slation
+> invented 1954-8 by John Backus and his team at IBM
+
+- FORTRAN 66 (ISO Standard 1972)
+- FORTRAN 77 (1978)
+- Fortran 90 (1991)
+- Fortran 95 (1997)
+- Fortran 2003 (2004) → `"standard" version`
+- Fortran 2008 (2010)
+- Fortran 2018 (11/2018)
+
+---
+
+# Starting with Fortran 77
+
+- Old Fortran provides only the absolute minimum!
+- Basic features :
+data containers (integer, float, ...), arrays, basic operators, loops, I/O, subroutines and functions
+- But this version has flaws:
+no dynamic memory allocation, old & obsolete constructs, “spaghetti†code, etc.
+- Is that enough to write code ?
+
+---
+
+# Fortran 77 → Fortran >90
+
+- If Fortran 77 is so simple, why is it then so difficult to write good code?
+- Is simple really better?
+⇒ Using a language allows us to express our thoughts (on a computer)
+- A more sophisticated language allows for more complex thoughts
+- More language elements to get organized
+⇒ Fortran 90/95/2003 (recursive, OOP, etc)
+
+---
+
+# How to Build a FORTRAN Program
+
+FORTRAN is a compiled language (like C) so the source code (what you write) must be converted into machine code before it can be executed (e.g. Make command)
+
+
+
+---
+
+# FORTRAN 77 Format
+
+This version requires a fixed format for programs
+
+
+
+- max length variable names is 6 characters
+- alphanumeric only, must start with a letter
+- character strings are case sensitive
+
+---
+
+# FORTRAN >90 Format
+
+Versions >90 relaxe these requirements:
+
+- comments following statements (! delimiter)
+- long variable names (31 characters)
+- containing only letters, digits or underscore
+- max row length is 132 characters
+- can be max 39 continuation lines
+- if a line is ended with ampersand (&), the line continues onto the next line
+- semicolon (;) as a separator between statements on a single line
+- allows free field input
+
+---
+
+# Program Organization
+
+Most FORTRAN programs consist of a main program and one or more subprograms
+
+There is a fixed order:
+
+```Fortran90
+Heading
+Declarations
+Variable initializations
+Program code
+Format statements
+
+Subprogram definitions
+(functions & subroutines)
+```
+
+---
+
+# Data Type Declarations
+
+Basic data types are :
+
+- `INTEGER` : integer numbers (+/-)
+- `REAL` : floating point numbers
+- `DOUBLE PRECISION` : extended precision floating point
+- `CHARACTER*n` : string with up to **n** characters
+- `LOGICAL` : takes on values `.TRUE.` or `.FALSE.`
+
+---
+
+# Data Type Declarations
+
+`INTEGER` and `REAL` can specify number of bytes to use
+
+- Default is: `INTEGER*4` and `REAL*4`
+- `DOUBLE PRECISION` is same as `REAL*8`
+
+Arrays of any type must be declared:
+
+- `DIMENSION A(3,5)` - declares a 3 x 5 array
+- `CHARACTER*30 NAME(50)` - directly declares a character array with 30 character strings in each element
+
+---
+
+# Data Type Declarations
+
+FORTRAN >90 allows user defined types
+
+```fortran
+TYPE my_variable
+ character(30) :: name
+ integer :: id
+ real(8) :: value
+ integer, dimension(3,3) :: dimIndex
+END TYPE variable
+
+type(my_variable) var
+var%name = "salinity"
+var%id = 1
+```
+
+---
+
+# Implicit vs Explicit Declarations
+
+By default, an implicit type is assumed depending on the first letter of the variable name:
+
+- `A-H, O-Z` define REAL variables
+- `I-N` define INTEGER variables
+
+Can use the IMPLICIT statement:
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT REAL (A-Z)
+```
+
+> makes all variables REAL if not declared
+
+---
+
+# Implicit vs Explicit Declarations
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT CHARACTER*2 (W)
+```
+
+> makes variables starting with W be 2-character strings
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (D)
+```
+
+> makes variables starting with D be double precision
+
+**Good habit**: force explicit type declarations
+
+```fortran
+IMPLICIT NONE
+```
+
+> user must explicitly declare all variable types
+
+---
+
+# Assignment Statements
+
+**Old** assignment statement: `<label>` `<variable>` = `<expression>`
+
+- `<label>` : statement label number (1 to 99999)
+- `<variable>` : FORTRAN variable
+(max 6 characters, alphanumeric only for standard FORTRAN 77)
+
+**Expression**:
+
+- Numeric expressions: `VAR = 3.5*COS(THETA)`
+- Character expressions: `DAY(1:3) = 'TUE'`
+- Relational expressions: `FLAG = ANS .GT. 0`
+- Logical expressions: `FLAG = F1 .OR. F2`
+
+---
+
+# Numeric Expressions
+
+Arithmetic operators: precedence: `**` *(high)* → `-` *(low)*
+
+| Operator | Function |
+| ------------ | --------------- |
+| `**` | exponentiation |
+| `*` | multiplication |
+| `/` | division |
+| `+` | addition |
+| `-` | subtraction |
+
+---
+
+# Numeric Expressions
+
+Numeric expressions are up-cast to the highest data type in the expression according to the precedence:
+
+*(low)* logical → integer → real → complex *(high)*
+
+and smaller byte size *(low)* to larger byte size *(high)*
+
+## Example:
+
+> fortran 77 source code [arith.f](https://gogs.elic.ucl.ac.be/pbarriat/learning-fortran/src/master/src/01_arith.f)
+
+---
+
+# Character Expressions
+
+Only built-in operator is **Concatenation** defined by `//`
+
+```fortran
+'ILL'//'-'//'ADVISED'
+```
+
+`character` arrays are most commonly encountered
+
+- treated like any array (indexed using : notation)
+- fixed length (usually padded with blanks)
+
+---
+
+# Character Expressions
+
+Example:
+
+```fortran
+CHARACTER FAMILY*16
+FAMILY = ‘GEORGE P. BURDELL’
+
+PRINT*,FAMILY(:6)
+PRINT*,FAMILY(8:9)
+PRINT*,FAMILY(11:)
+PRINT*,FAMILY(:6)//FAMILY(10:)
+```
+
+```fortran
+GEORGE
+P.
+BURDELL
+GEORGE BURDELL
+```
+
+---
+
+# Relational Expressions
+
+Two expressions whose values are compared to determine whether the relation is true or false
+
+- may be numeric (common) or non-numeric
+
+`character` strings can be compared
+
+- done character by character
+- shorter string is padded with blanks for comparison
+
+---
+
+# Relational Expressions
+
+| Operator | Relationship |
+| ------------ | --------------- |
+| `.LT.` or `<` | less than |
+| `.LE.` or `<=` | less than or equal to |
+| `.EQ.` or `==` | equal to |
+| `.NE.` or `/=` | not equal to |
+| `.GT.` or `>` | greater than |
+| `.GE.` or `>=` | greater than or equal to |
+
+---
+
+# Logical Expressions
+
+Consists of one or more logical operators and logical, numeric or relational operands
+
+- values are `.TRUE.` or `.FALSE.`
+- need to consider overall operator precedence
+
+> can combine logical and integer data with logical operators but this is tricky (**avoid!**)
+
+---
+
+# Logical Expressions
+
+| F77 Operator | >F90 Operator | Example | Meaning |
+| --------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- |
+| `.AND.` | `&&` | `A .AND. B` | logical `AND` |
+| `.OR.` | `\|\|` | `A .OR. B` | logical `OR` |
+| `.EQV.` | `==` | `A .EQV. B` | logical equivalence |
+| `.NEQV.` | `/=` | `A .NEQV. B` | logical inequivalence |
+| `.XOR.` | `/=` | `A .XOR. B` | exclusive `OR` (same as `.NEQV.`) |
+| `.NOT.` | `!` | `.NOT. A` | logical negation |
+
+---
+
+# Arrays in FORTRAN
+
+Arrays can be multi-dimensional (up to 7 in F77) and are indexed using `( )`:
+
+- `TEST(3)` or `FORCE(4,2)`
+
+> Indices are by default defined as `1...N`
+
+We can specify index range in declaration
+
+- `INTEGER K(0:11)` : `K` is dimensioned from `0-11` (12 elements)
+
+Arrays are stored in column order (1st column, 2nd column, etc) so accessing by incrementing row index first usually is fastest
+
+Whole array reference (only in >F90): `K(:)=-8` assigns 8 to all elements in K
+
+> Avoid `K=-8` assignement
+
+---
+
+# Unconditional `GO TO` in F77
+
+This is the only GOTO in FORTRAN 77
+
+- Syntax: `GO TO label`
+- Unconditional transfer to labeled statement
+
+```fortran
+ 10 -code-
+ GO TO 30
+ -code that is bypassed-
+ 30 -code that is target of GOTO-
+ -more code-
+ GO TO 10
+```
+
+- **Problem** : leads to confusing *"spaghetti code"* :boom:
+
+---
+
+# `IF ELSE IF` Statement
+
+Basic version:
+
+```fortran
+IF (KSTAT.EQ.1) THEN
+ CLASS='FRESHMAN'
+ELSE IF (KSTAT.EQ.2) THEN
+ CLASS='SOPHOMORE'
+ELSE IF (KSTAT.EQ.3) THEN
+ CLASS='JUNIOR'
+ELSE IF (KSTAT.EQ.4) THEN
+ CLASS='SENIOR'
+ELSE
+ CLASS='UNKNOWN'
+ENDIF
+```
+
+---
+
+# Spaghetti Code in F77 (and before)
+
+Use of `GO TO` and arithmetic `IF`'s leads to bad code that is very hard to maintain
+
+Here is the equivalent of an `IF-THEN-ELSE` statement:
+
+```fortran
+ 10 IF (KEY.LT.0) GO TO 20
+ TEST=TEST-1
+ THETA=ATAN(X,Y)
+ GO TO 30
+ 20 TEST=TEST+1
+ THETA=ATAN(-X,Y)
+ 30 CONTINUE
+```
+
+Now try to figure out what a complex `IF ELSE IF` statement would look like coded with this kind of simple `IF`...
+
+---
+
+# Loop Statements (old versions)
+
+`DO` loop: structure that executes a specified number of times
+
+*Spaghetti Code Version*
+
+```fortran
+ K=2
+ 10 PRINT*,A(K)
+ K=K+2
+ IF (K.LE.11) GO TO 10
+ 20 CONTINUE
+```
+
+*F77 Version*
+
+```fortran
+ DO 100 K=2,10,2
+ PRINT*,A(K)
+ 100 CONTINUE
+```
+
+---
+
+# Loop Statements (>F90)
+
+```fortran
+DO K=2,10,2
+ WRITE(*,*) A(K)
+END DO
+```
+
+- Loop _control can include variables and a third parameter to specify increments, including negative values
+- Loop always executes ONCE before testing for end condition
+
+```fortran
+READ(*,*) R
+DO WHILE (R.GE.0)
+ VOL=2*PI*R**2*CLEN
+ READ(*,*) R
+END DO
+```
+
+- Loop will not execute at all if logical_expr is not true at start
+
+---
+
+# Comments on Loop Statements
+
+In old versions:
+
+- to transfer out (exit loop), use a `GO TO`
+- to skip to next loop, use `GO TO` terminating statement (this is a good reason to always make this a `CONTINUE` statement)
+
+In new versions:
+
+- to transfer out (exit loop), use `EXIT` statement and control is transferred to statement following loop end. This means you cannot transfer out of multiple nested loops with a single `EXIT` statement (use named loops if needed - `myloop : do i=1,n`). This is much like a `BREAK` statement in other languages.
+- to skip to next loop cycle, use `CYCLE` statement in loop.
+
+---
+
+# File-Directed Input and Output
+
+Much of early FORTRAN was devoted to reading input data
+from Cards and writing to a line printer
+
+Today, most I/O is to and from a file: it requires more extensive I/O capabilities standardized until FORTRAN 77
+
+**I/O** = communication between a program and the outside world
+
+- opening and closing a file with `OPEN` & `CLOSE`
+- data reading & writing with `READ` & `WRITE`
+- can use **unformatted** `READ` & `WRITE` if no human readable data are involved (much faster access, smaller files)
+
+---
+
+# `OPEN` & `CLOSE` example
+
+Once opened, file is referred to by an assigned device number (a unique id)
+
+```fortran
+character(len=*) :: x_name
+integer :: ierr, iSize, guess_unit
+logical :: itsopen, itexists
+!
+inquire(file=trim(x_name), size=iSize, number=guess_unit, opened=itsopen, exist=itexists)
+if ( itsopen ) close(guess_unit, status='delete')
+!
+open(902,file=trim(x_name),status='new',iostat=ierr)
+!
+if (iSize <= 0 .OR. .NOT.itexists) then
+ open(902,file=trim(x_name),status='new',iostat=ierr)
+ if (ierr /= 0) then
+ ...
+ close(902)
+ endif
+ ...
+endif
+```
+
+---
+
+# `READ` Statement
+
+- syntax: `READ(dev_no, format_label) variable_list`
+- read a record from `dev_no` using `format_label` and assign results to variables in `variable_list`
+
+```fortran
+ READ(105,1000) A,B,C
+ 1000 FORMAT(3F12.4)
+```
+
+> device numbers 1-7 are defined as standard I/O devices
+
+- each `READ` reads one or more lines of data and any remaining data in a line that is read is dropped if not translated to one of the variables in the `variable_list`
+- `variable_list` can include implied `DO` such as: `READ(105,1000)(A(I),I=1,10)`
+
+---
+
+# `READ` Statement - cont'd
+
+- input items can be integer, real or character
+- characters must be enclosed in `' '`
+- input items are separated by commas
+- input items must agree in type with variables in `variable_list`
+- each `READ` processes a new record (line)
+
+```fortran
+INTEGER K
+REAL(8) A,B
+OPEN(105,FILE='path_to_existing_file')
+READ(105,*) A,B,K
+```
+
+> read one line and look for floating point values for A and B and an integer for K
+
+---
+
+# `WRITE` Statement
+
+- syntax: `WRITE(dev_no, format_label) variable_list`
+- write variables in `variable_list` to output `dev_no` using format specified in format statement with `format_label`
+
+```fortran
+ WRITE(*,1000) A,B,KEY
+ 1000 FORMAT(F12.4,E14.5,I6)
+```
+
+```fortran
+|----+----o----+----o----+----o----+----|
+ 1234.5678 -0.12345E+02 12
+```
+
+- device number `*` is by default the screen (or *standard output* - also 6)
+- each `WRITE` produces one or more output lines as needed to write out `variable_list` using `format` statement
+- `variable_list` can include implied `DO` such as: `WRITE(*,2000)(A(I),I=1,10)`
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# `FORMAT` Statement
+
+| data type | format descriptors | example |
+| --------------- | --------------- | ------------ |
+| `integer` | `iw` | `write(*,'(i5)') int` |
+| `real` (*decimal*) | `fw.d` | `write(*,'(f7.4)') x` |
+| `real` (*exponential*) | `ew.d` | `write(*,'(e12.3)') y` |
+| `character` | `a, aw` | `write(*,'(a)') string` |
+| `logical` | `lw` | `write(*,'(l2)') test` |
+| spaces & tabs | `wx` & `tw` | `write (*,'(i3,2x,f6.3)') i, x` |
+| linebreak | `/` | `write (*,'(f6.3,/,f6.3)') x, y` |
+
+---
+
+# `NAMELIST`
+
+It is possible to pre-define the structure of input and output data using `NAMELIST` in order to make it easier to process with `READ` and `WRITE` statements
+
+- Use `NAMELIST` to define the data structure
+- Use `READ` or `WRITE` with reference to `NAMELIST` to handle the data in the specified format
+
+> This is not part of standard F77 but it is included in >F90
+
+On input, the `NAMELIST` data must be structured as follows:
+
+```fortran
+&INPUT
+ THICK=0.245,
+ LENGTH=12.34,
+ WIDTH=2.34,
+ DENSITY=0.0034
+/
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Internal `WRITE` Statement
+
+Internal `WRITE` does same as `ENCODE` in F77 : **a cast to string**
+> `WRITE (dev_no, format_label) var_list`
+> write variables in `var_list` to internal storage defined by character variable used as `dev_no` = default character variable (not an array)
+
+```fortran
+INTEGER*4 J,K
+CHARACTER*50 CHAR50
+DATA J,K/1,2/
+...
+WRITE(CHAR50,*) J,K
+```
+
+Results:
+
+```fortran
+CHAR50=' 1 2'
+```
+
+---
+
+# Internal `READ` Statement
+
+Internal `READ` does same as `DECODE` in F77 : **a cast from string**
+> `READ (dev_no, format_label) var_list`
+> read variables from internal storage specified by character variable used as `dev_no` = default character variable (not an array)
+
+```fortran
+INTEGER K
+REAL A,B
+CHARACTER*80 REC80
+DATA REC80/'1.2, 2.3, -5'/
+...
+READ(REC80,*) A,B,K
+```
+
+Results:
+
+```fortran
+A=1.2, B=2.3, K=-5
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Structured programming
+
+Structured programming is based on subprograms (functions and subroutines) and control statements (like `IF` statements or loops) :
+
+- structure the control-flow of your programs (eg, give up the `GO TO`)
+- improved readability
+- lower level aspect of coding in a smart way
+
+It is a **programming paradigm** aimed at improving the quality, clarity, and access time of a computer program
+
+---
+
+# Functions and Subroutines
+
+`FUNCTION` & `SUBROUTINE` are subprograms that allow structured coding
+
+- `FUNCTION`: returns a single explicit function value for given function arguments
+ It’s also a variable → so must be declared !
+- `SUBROUTINE`: any values returned must be returned through the arguments (no explicit subroutine value is returned)
+- functions and subroutines are **not recursive in F77**
+
+Subprograms use a separate namespace for each subprogram so that variables are local to the subprogram
+
+- variables are passed to subprogram through argument list and returned in function value or through arguments
+- variables stored in `COMMON` may be shared between namespaces
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Functions and Subroutines - cont'd
+
+Subprograms must include at least one `RETURN` (can have more) and be terminated by an `END` statement
+
+`FUNCTION` example:
+
+```fortran
+REAL FUNCTION AVG3(A,B,C)
+AVG3=(A+B+C)/3
+RETURN
+END
+```
+
+Use:
+
+```fortran
+AV = WEIGHT*AVG3(A1,F2,B2)
+```
+
+> `FUNCTION` type is implicitly defined as REAL
+
+---
+
+# Functions and Subroutines - cont'd
+
+Subroutine is invoked using the `CALL` statement
+
+`SUBROUTINE` example:
+
+```fortran
+SUBROUTINE AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
+AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/3
+RETURN
+END
+```
+
+Use:
+
+```fortran
+CALL AVG3S(A1,F2,B2,AVR)
+RESULT = WEIGHT*AVR
+```
+
+> any returned values must be returned through argument list
+
+---
+
+# Arguments
+
+Arguments in subprogram are `dummy` arguments used in place of the real arguments
+
+- arguments are passed by **reference** (memory address) if given as *symbolic*
+ the subprogram can then alter the actual argument value since it can access it by reference
+- arguments are passed by **value** if given as *literal* (so cannot be modified)
+
+```fortran
+CALL AVG3S(A1,3.4,C1,QAV)
+```
+
+> 2nd argument is passed by value - QAV contains result
+
+```fortran
+CALL AVG3S(A,C,B,4.1)
+```
+
+> no return value is available since "4.1" is a value and not a reference to a variable!
+
+---
+
+# Arguments - cont'd
+
+- `dummy` arguments appearing in a subprogram declaration cannot be an individual array element reference, e.g., `A(2)`, or a *literal*, for obvious reasons!
+- arguments used in invocation (by calling program) may be *variables*, *subscripted variables*, *array names*, *literals*, *expressions* or *function names*
+- using symbolic arguments (variables or array names) is the **only way** to return a value (result) from a `SUBROUTINE`
+
+> It is considered **BAD coding practice**, but functions can return values by changing the value of arguments
+ This type of use should be strictly **avoided**!
+
+---
+
+# Arguments - cont'd
+
+The `INTENT` keyword (>F90) increases readability and enables better compile-time error checking
+
+```fortran
+SUBROUTINE AVG3S(A,B,C,AVERAGE)
+ IMPLICIT NONE
+ REAL, INTENT(IN) :: A, B
+ REAL, INTENT(INOUT) :: C ! default
+ REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: AVERAGE
+
+ A = 10 ! Compilation error
+ C = 10 ! Correct
+ AVERAGE=(A+B+C)/3 ! Correct
+END
+```
+
+> Compiler uses `INTENT` for error checking and optimization
+
+---
+
+# `FUNCTION` versus Array
+
+`REMAINDER(4,3)` could be a 2D array or it could be a reference to a function
+
+If the name, including arguments, **matches an array declaration**, then it is taken to be an array, **otherwise**, it is assumed to be a `FUNCTION`
+
+Be careful about `implicit` versus `explicit` type declarations with `FUNCTION`
+
+```fortran
+PROGRAM MAIN
+ INTEGER REMAINDER
+ ...
+ KR = REMAINDER(4,3)
+ ...
+END
+
+INTEGER FUNCTION REMAINDER(INUM,IDEN)
+ ...
+END
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Arrays with Subprograms
+
+Arrays present special problems in subprograms
+
+- must pass by reference to subprogram since there is no way to list array values explicitly as literals
+- how do you tell subprogram how large the array is ?
+
+> Answer varies with FORTRAN version and vendor (dialect)...
+
+When an array element, e.g. `A(1)`, is used in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference (address), just like a simple variable
+
+When an array is used by name in a subprogram invocation (in calling program), it is passed as a reference to the entire array. In this case the array must be appropriately dimensioned in the subroutine (and this can be tricky...)
+
+---
+
+# Arrays - cont'd
+
+### Data layout in multi-dimensional arrays
+
+- always increment the left-most index of multi-dimensional arrays in the innermost loop (i.e. fastest)
+- **column major** ordering in Fortran vs. **row major** ordering in C
+- a compiler (with sufficient optimization flags) may re-order loops automatically
+
+```fortran
+do j=1,M
+ do i=1,N ! innermost loop
+ y(i) = y(i)+ a(i,j)*x(j) ! left-most index is i
+ end do
+end do
+```
+
+---
+
+# Arrays - cont'd
+
+- dynamically allocate memory for arrays using `ALLOCATABLE` on declaration
+- memory is allocated through `ALLOCATE` statement in the code and is deallocated through `DEALLOCATE` statement
+
+```fortran
+integer :: m, n
+integer, allocatable :: idx(:)
+real, allocatable :: mat(:,:)
+m = 100 ; n = 200
+allocate( idx(0:m-1))
+allocate( mat(m, n))
+...
+deallocate(idx , mat)
+```
+
+> It exists many array intrinsic functions: SIZE, SHAPE, SUM, ANY, MINVAL, MAXLOC, RESHAPE, DOT_PRODUCT, TRANSPOSE, WHERE, FORALL, etc
+
+---
+
+# `COMMON` & `MODULE` Statement
+
+The `COMMON` statement allows variables to have a more extensive scope than otherwise
+
+- a variable declared in a `Main Program` can be made accessible to subprograms (without appearing in argument lists of a calling statement)
+- this can be selective (don't have to share all everywhere)
+- **placement**: among type declarations, after `IMPLICIT` or `EXPLICIT`, before `DATA` statements
+- can group into **labeled** `COMMON`
+
+With > F90, it's better to use the `MODULE` subprogram instead of the `COMMON` statement
+
+---
+
+# Modular programming (>F90)
+
+Modular programming is about separating parts of programs into independent and interchangeable modules :
+
+- improve testability
+- improve maintainability
+- re-use of code
+- higher level aspect of coding in a smart way
+- *separation of concerns*
+
+The principle is that making significant parts of the code independent, replaceable and independently testable makes your programs **more maintainable**
+
+---
+
+# Subprograms type
+
+`MODULE` are subprograms that allow modular coding and data encapsulation
+
+The interface of a subprogram type is **explicit** or **implicit**
+
+Several types of subprograms:
+
+- `intrinsic`: explicit - defined by Fortran itself (trignonometric functions, etc)
+- `module`: explicit - defined with `MODULE` statement and used with `USE`
+- `internal`: explicit - defined with `CONTAINS` statement inside (sub)programs
+- `external`: implicit (but can be manually (re)defined explicit) - e.g. **libraries**
+
+Differ with the **scope**: what data and other subprograms a subprogram can access
+
+---
+
+# `MODULE` type
+
+```fortran
+MODULE example
+ IMPLICIT NONE
+ INTEGER, PARAMETER :: index = 10
+ REAL(8), SAVE :: latitude
+CONTAINS
+ FUNCTION check(x) RESULT(z)
+ INTEGER :: x, z
+ ...
+ END FUNCTION check
+END MODULE example
+```
+
+```fortran
+PROGRAM myprog
+ USE example, ONLY: check, latitude
+ IMPLICIT NONE
+ ...
+ test = check(a)
+ ...
+END PROGRAM myprog
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+<!-- Notes for presenter. -->
+<!--
+```fortran
+module subs
+
+contains
+
+subroutine asub (i, control)
+
+ implicit none
+
+ integer, intent (in) :: i
+ logical, intent (in) :: control
+
+ integer, save :: j = 0
+ integer :: k
+
+ j = j + i
+ if ( control ) k = 0
+ k = k + i
+
+ write (*, *) 'i, j, k=', i, j, k
+
+end subroutine asub
+
+end module subs
+
+program test_saves
+
+ use subs
+ implicit none
+
+ call asub ( 3, .TRUE. )
+ call asub ( 4, .FALSE. )
+
+end program test_saves
+```
+
+Local variable k of the subroutine is intentionally misused -- in this program it is initialized in the first call since control is TRUE, but on the second call control is FALSE, so k is not redefined. But without the save attribute k is undefined, so the using its value is illegal.
+
+```fortran
+ i, j, k= 3 3 3
+ i, j, k= 4 7 7
+```
+
+Compiling the program with ifort and aggressive optimization options, k lost its value:
+
+```fortran
+ i, j, k= 3 3 3
+ i, j, k= 4 7 4
+```
+-->
+
+---
+
+# `internal` subprogams
+
+```fortran
+program main
+ implicit none
+ integer N
+ real X(20)
+ ...
+ write(*,*), 'Processing x...', process()
+ ...
+contains
+ logical function process()
+ ! in this function N and X can be accessed directly (scope of main)
+ ! Please not that this method is not recommended:
+ ! it would be better to pass X as an argument of process
+ implicit none
+ if (sum(x) > 5.) then
+ process = .FALSE.
+ else
+ process = .TRUE.
+ endif
+ end function process
+end program
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# `external` subprogams
+
+- `external` subprogams are defined in a separate program unit
+- to use them in another program unit, refer with the `EXTERNAL` statement
+- compiled separately and linked
+
+**!!! DO NOT USE THEM**: modules are much easier and more robust :exclamation:
+
+They are only needed when subprogams are written with different programming language or when using external libraries (such as BLAS)
+
+> It's **highly** recommended to construct `INTERFACE` blocks for any external subprogams used
+
+---
+
+# `interface` statement
+
+```fortran
+SUBROUTINE nag_rand(table)
+ INTERFACE
+ SUBROUTINE g05faf(a,b,n,x)
+ REAL, INTENT(IN) :: a, b
+ INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: n
+ REAL, INTENT(OUT) :: x(n)
+ END SUBROUTINE g05faf
+ END INTERFACE
+ !
+ REAL, DIMENSION(:), INTENT(OUT) :: table
+ !
+ call g05faf(-1.0,-1.0, SIZE(table), table)
+END SUBROUTINE nag_rand
+```
+
+<!-- _footer: "" -->
+
+---
+
+# Conclusions
+
+- Fortran in all its standard versions and vendor-specific dialects is a rich but confusing language
+- Fortran is a modern language that continues to evolve
+
+- Fortran is still ideally suited for numerical computations in engineering and science
+ - most new language features have been added since F95
+ - "High Performance Fortran" includes capabilities designed for parallel processing
+
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